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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
Estimation of the Physical Quantities01:05

Estimation of the Physical Quantities

On many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make estimates of a particular quantity. These are sometimes referred to as guesstimates, order-of-magnitude approximations, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or Fermi calculations. The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for his ability to estimate various kinds of data with surprising precision. Estimating does not mean guessing a number or a formula at random. Instead, estimation means using prior experience and sound...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Quantum system identification.

Daniel Burgarth1, Kazuya Yuasa

  • 1Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|April 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum system identification estimates unknown quantum processes from input-output data. This framework classifies attainable knowledge, showing controllable systems are identifiable up to unitary conjugation, with prior knowledge improving efficiency.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Control
  • Quantum Metrology

Background:

  • Quantum system identification aims to deduce internal quantum processes from external observations.
  • Understanding quantum black boxes is crucial for quantum technology development.
  • Current methods often lack a general framework for assessing identifiability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish a general framework for quantum system identification.
  • Classify the limits of knowledge obtainable about a quantum system.
  • Provide criteria for estimating system parameters based on experimental setups.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a theoretical framework for quantum system identification.
  • Analyzing the identifiability of controllable closed quantum systems.
  • Investigating the impact of prior knowledge and specific measurement strategies (e.g., Bell measurements).
  • Establishing criteria for Hamiltonian parameter estimability when system topology is known.

Main Results:

  • Controllable closed quantum systems can be identified up to unitary conjugation.
  • Prior knowledge about the quantum system enhances identification efficiency.
  • Specific experimental setups, like Bell measurements, can be more efficient for identification.
  • A general criterion for estimating coupling constants in the Hamiltonian is established when system topology is known.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework provides a fundamental understanding of quantum system identification limits.
  • The results offer practical guidance for designing efficient quantum experiments.
  • This work advances the field of quantum metrology and quantum control by clarifying estimability conditions.