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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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DNA-only Transposons

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Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes
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Mutator-like elements with multiple long terminal inverted repeats in plants.

Ann A Ferguson1, Ning Jiang

  • 1Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Comparative and Functional Genomics
|April 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) with tandem terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) are found in multiple plant genomes. These MULEs are functional, capable of transposition and gene duplication.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are common in plants, characterized by long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs).
  • TIRs in Mutator elements contain transposase binding sites and promoters, crucial for transposition and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of MULEs with multiple, tandem TIRs in plant genomes.
  • To determine if MULEs with tandem TIRs are capable of transposition and gene duplication.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of MULEs in maize, tomato, rice, and Arabidopsis genomes.
  • Comparative sequence analysis of MULEs with single versus tandem TIRs.
  • Assessing the prevalence and sequence conservation of MULEs with tandem TIRs.

Main Results:

  • MULEs with multiple TIRs, predominantly in tandem, were identified across diverse plant species.
  • Sequence conservation in both tandem TIRs was observed in amplified MULEs.
  • MULEs with tandem TIRs, particularly those carrying gene fragments, were more prevalent and functional.

Conclusions:

  • MULEs with tandem TIRs represent a functional class of transposable elements in plants.
  • Tandem TIRs facilitate both the transposition and duplication of MULEs, including associated gene sequences.