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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Venules01:08

Venules

Venules are an integral part of the microscopic circulatory system that bridges the gap between capillaries and veins.
Venules are much smaller in diameter compared to their larger counterparts, the veins. They are generally 8 to 100 micrometers in diameter, significantly smaller than the size of veins. The walls of venules are thin, consisting of the endothelium, a thin layer of connective tissue, and occasionally a few smooth muscle cells. This structural simplicity is a stark contrast...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells
09:46

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 20, 2023

Vascular lumen formation.

Eckhard Lammert1, Jennifer Axnick

  • 1Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. lammert@uni-duesseldorf.de

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|April 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The vascular system

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Published on: September 9, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The vascular system is essential for nutrient and oxygen transport in multicellular organisms.
  • Blood vessel formation occurs through vasculogenesis (de novo) and angiogenesis (from existing vessels).
  • Endothelial cells are crucial for forming the lumen of all vertebrate blood vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying blood vessel lumen formation.
  • To understand the processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • To provide insights into vascular system roles in diseases like cancer and stroke.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of endothelial cell behavior during lumen formation in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • Investigation of molecular mechanisms including cell repulsion, junctional rearrangement, and cell shape changes.
  • Study of vertebrate embryogenesis models, focusing on aorta and intersomitic vessel development.

Main Results:

  • Lumen formation in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis involves complex molecular events within endothelial cell cords.
  • Key processes include endothelial cell repulsion, junctional rearrangement, and shape modification.
  • These mechanisms are fundamental to the development of the intricate vertebrate vascular system.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding blood vessel formation is critical for addressing vascular-related diseases.
  • The molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell behavior drive lumen formation.
  • Further research can leverage this knowledge to manipulate disease pathomechanisms.