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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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Host genes important to HIV replication and evolution.

Amalio Telenti1, Welkin E Johnson

  • 1Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Amalio.Telenti@chuv.ch

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|April 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advances in host genetics and genomics reveal key factors influencing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and disease. These studies identify genetic variants and gene expression changes impacting HIV-1 progression and replication.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Understanding host genetic factors is crucial for managing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.
  • Previous research has begun to uncover the genetic basis of susceptibility and disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances in host genetic and genomic research related to HIV-1.
  • To highlight the identification of host determinants influencing HIV-1 infection and disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Candidate gene studies
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
  • Genome-wide transcriptome analyses
  • In vitro genome screens
  • Experimental models of AIDS
  • Studies in natural hosts of primate lentiviruses

Main Results:

  • Identified common host genetic variants influencing HIV-1 disease progression.
  • Characterized gene and protein expression changes during HIV-1 infection.
  • Cataloged genes and pathways involved in HIV-1 replication.
  • Complemented findings with experimental models and studies in primate lentivirus hosts.

Conclusions:

  • Host genetics and genomics play a significant role in HIV-1 susceptibility and progression.
  • Technological advancements promise deeper and broader insights through whole exome/genome sequencing and data integration.