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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells
09:19

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Published on: October 3, 2018

[Solar protection products: efficacy and risks].

J-C Beani1

  • 1Clinique universitaire de dermato-vénéréologie, allergologie et photobiologie, pôle pluridisciplinaire de médecine, CHU, Grenoble cedex, France. JCBeani@chu-grenoble.fr

Annales De Dermatologie Et De Venereologie
|April 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solar protection products (SPPs) offer real protection against sun damage when used correctly. Concerns about chemical filters and nanoparticles persist, but risks appear low with proper application and ongoing safety reviews.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Toxicology
  • Photoprotection Research
  • Cosmetic Science

Context:

  • Solar protection products (SPPs) are widely used for photoprotection.
  • Concerns exist regarding the efficacy and safety of chemical and mineral filters in SPPs.
  • Regulatory agencies like Afssaps and SCCS are evaluating SPP safety.

Purpose:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of solar protection products (SPPs).
  • To assess potential risks associated with chemical filters (e.g., endocrine disruption) and mineral filters (e.g., nanoparticles).
  • To provide guidance on the correct usage of SPPs for optimal photoprotection.

Summary:

  • SPPs provide significant photoprotection when used according to guidelines, including adequate application and reapplication.
  • Potential risks include contact dermatitis and photosensitization from filters like octocrylene.
  • Concerns about endocrine disruption from chemical filters and safety of nanoparticle mineral filters (TiO2, ZnO) are under review, with current data suggesting low risk under normal use.
  • SPPs do not appear to inhibit beneficial effects of sun exposure, such as vitamin D synthesis.

Impact:

  • Highlights the importance of correct SPP usage for effective photoprotection.
  • Addresses public and scientific concerns regarding the safety of UV filters.
  • Informs ongoing regulatory assessments of SPP ingredients and formulations.
  • Emphasizes the need for continued research into the long-term safety of novel sunscreen ingredients.