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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization01:21

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization

Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells
09:29

In Vitro Generation of Heart Field-specific Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Published on: July 3, 2019

New developments in the second heart field.

Stéphane Zaffran1, Robert G Kelly

  • 1Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.

Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
|April 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research identifies retinoic acid, HOX, SIX, and EYA transcription factors as key regulators of the second heart field, crucial for embryonic heart development and preventing congenital heart defects.

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Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

Published on: July 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The second heart field (SHF) is a progenitor cell population essential for embryonic heart elongation.
  • Defects in SHF development are linked to congenital heart anomalies like septal defects.
  • Recent studies have uncovered novel regulatory mechanisms governing SHF development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on regulators of second heart field development.
  • To highlight the roles of retinoic acid signaling and specific transcription factors (HOX, SIX, EYA).
  • To discuss fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in SHF deployment and outflow tract development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature focusing on SHF development.
  • Analysis of studies investigating signaling pathways (retinoic acid, FGF) and transcription factors (HOX, SIX, EYA).
  • Integration of findings from various model organisms (xenopus, zebrafish, Ciona intestinalis).

Main Results:

  • Identification of retinoic acid signaling pathway as a key regulator of SHF.
  • Elucidation of the roles of HOX, SIX, and EYA transcription factors in SHF development.
  • New insights into FGF signaling (FGF8, FGF10, FGF3) involvement in outflow tract formation and SHF deployment.

Conclusions:

  • Retinoic acid and specific transcription factors are critical for normal SHF development.
  • FGF signaling plays a significant role in outflow tract development and SHF contribution.
  • Understanding SHF evolution provides insights into vertebrate heart development and congenital anomalies.