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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Spin-orbit-coupled dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates.

Y Deng1, J Cheng, H Jing

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2735, Beijing 100190, China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate creating spin-orbit coupling in chromium (Cr) atoms using Raman processes. This leads to novel stripe and vortex phases in the condensate

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Quantum simulation
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling is crucial for understanding exotic quantum phenomena.
  • Controlling spin states in atoms is essential for quantum technologies.
  • Chromium atoms offer unique magnetic properties for quantum studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an experimental scheme for inducing spin-orbit coupling in spin-3 Chromium atoms.
  • To investigate the ground state structures of spin-orbit-coupled Chromium condensates.
  • To explore the emergence of novel magnetic phases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Raman processes to engineer interactions.
  • Employing the linear Zeeman effect and optical Stark shift for spin state selection.
  • Developing a pseudospin-1/2 model for theoretical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successfully proposed a method to create spin-orbit coupling in Cr atoms.
  • Identified stripe structures arising from spin-orbit coupling.
  • Observed a vortex phase, characterized by spontaneous spin vortices, driven by magnetic dipole-dipole interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed scheme provides a pathway to realize spin-orbit coupling in Cr atoms.
  • The interplay between spin-orbit coupling and magnetic dipole-dipole interactions leads to rich emergent phenomena.
  • This work opens avenues for exploring quantum magnetism and novel phases in ultracold atomic systems.