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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport

Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
This one-way system allows fluids, solutes, and even pathogens to enter but prevents their return to the intercellular spaces.
Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

The second branchial cleft fistula.

John Maddalozzo1, Jeffrey C Rastatter, Heath F Dreyfuss

  • 1Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. jpmaddalozzo@childrensmemorial.org

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|May 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Second branchial cleft fistulae are rare congenital anomalies, typically right-sided. Bilateral cases suggest a genetic disorder, and histology often reveals ciliated columnar epithelium and salivary tissue.

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A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail
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A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Second branchial cleft fistulae are congenital malformations arising from incomplete obliteration of the second branchial cleft.
  • Understanding their surgical anatomy and histopathology is crucial for effective management and minimizing recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the surgical anatomy and histopathology of second branchial cleft fistulae.
  • To identify characteristic features and associations of these rare anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 28 patients treated for second branchial cleft fistulae at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.
  • Analysis of patient data including age, presentation, imaging, laterality, pathology, and follow-up.
  • Detailed examination of anatomic and histologic features by the senior author.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-eight patients were included; 11% had bilateral fistulae.
  • Histology revealed ciliated columnar epithelium (74.2%), cuboidal (9.7%), and squamous (16.7%) epithelium.
  • Salivary tissue was present in 61.3% of tracts; 100% of unilateral tracts were right-sided.
  • Two of three patients with bilateral fistulae had branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BORS).

Conclusions:

  • Second branchial cleft fistulae are rare, predominantly right-sided, and associated with the internal jugular vein.
  • Bilateral fistulae warrant consideration of underlying genetic disorders like BORS.
  • Histopathology typically shows ciliated columnar epithelium and salivary tissue; surgical dissection should extend superior to the hyoid bone to reduce recurrence.