Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value = μ + 2σ
Minimum unusual value...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Quadruple immunotherapy with allogeneic natural killer cell infusion for recurrent neuroblastoma.

Cytotherapy·2026
Same author

Germline <i>RAD51C</i> and <i>RAD51D</i> Mutations in High-Risk Chinese Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer Patients and Families.

Journal of personalized medicine·2024
Same author

Evaluation of a Commercial Point-of-Care RT-LAMP Assay for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Biomedicines·2023
Same author

Iron Deficiency among School-Aged Adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Predictors, and Effects on Health-Related Quality of Life.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2023
Same author

Molecular characteristics of Asian male BRCA-related cancers.

Breast cancer research and treatment·2023
Same author

Genomic characteristics and viral load dynamics of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.2 variant from a hospitalized patient treated with molnupiravir.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases·2022
Same journal

Limitations of spectrophotometry in the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid bilirubin.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Commentary on the impact of lithium heparin vacutainer tubes on daily cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Routine laboratory triage for NT-proBNP elevation may reflect cardiorenal frailty as much as heart failure specificity.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
Same journal

From interpretable NT-proBNP prediction to equitable laboratory stewardship.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Serum Sclerostin Levels in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
Same journal

Population-Specific HOMA-IR Reference Ranges in Iraq: Defining Insulin Sensitivity in a Middle Eastern Cohort.

Annals of clinical biochemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
06:50

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2020

A spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c result.

Vanessa Man Har Lo1, Edmond Shiu Kwan Ma, Elaine Mo Chee Chau

  • 1Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. mhlo@hksh.com

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A common lab test for diabetes, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), can give falsely normal results due to haemoglobin variants. Implementing quality control verifies results, ensuring accurate diabetes management.

More Related Videos

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
11:22

The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

Published on: May 16, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
06:50

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2020

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
11:22

The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

Published on: May 16, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Laboratory Medicine
  • Haematology

Background:

  • Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a key biomarker for monitoring long-term glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus.
  • Certain haemoglobin variants can interfere with HbA1c assays, leading to inaccurate results.
  • Automated analytical systems may misidentify variants, compromising diagnostic reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of spuriously normal HbA1c due to HbG Taipei misidentification.
  • To highlight the importance of quality control for accurate HbA1c measurement in the presence of haemoglobin variants.
  • To discuss the impact of haemoglobin variants on various HbA1c analytical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing misidentification of HbG Taipei as HbAo by a Variant II algorithm.
  • Implementation of a chromatographic system-specific internal quality control for peak identity verification.
  • Review of analytical systems for HbA1c measurement and their susceptibility to haemoglobin variants.

Main Results:

  • Initial HbA1c misidentified as 4.7% (estimated average glucose 4.9 mmol/L) was corrected to 8.2% (estimated average glucose 10.5 mmol/L).
  • Corrected results aligned with patient's fasting blood glucose and clinical signs of poor glycaemic control (diabetes mellitus dermopathy).
  • Most HbA1c assays, excluding mass spectrometry, are affected by haemoglobin variants to varying degrees.

Conclusions:

  • Internal quality control mechanisms are crucial for verifying peak identity and ensuring accurate HbA1c results.
  • Laboratory reports should include the analytical principle of HbA1c measurement to prevent misinterpretation of results from different systems.
  • Individualized glycaemic control monitoring strategies may be necessary due to the variable impact of haemoglobinopathies on glucose binding.