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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...

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In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation
07:24

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Virus capsid dissolution studied by microsecond molecular dynamics simulations.

Daniel S D Larsson1, Lars Liljas, David van der Spoel

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Plos Computational Biology
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Calcium removal causes plant virus capsids to swell and become more permeable. Molecular simulations reveal this expansion is initiated at the 3-fold axis, offering insights into viral dissolution.

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Published on: August 9, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Virology
  • Computational biophysics

Background:

  • Plant virus dissolution is hypothesized to involve capsid swelling due to calcium ion removal post-infection.
  • High-resolution structures of swollen viral capsids remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic structural changes and water permeability of the satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) capsid upon calcium ion removal.
  • To elucidate the role of calcium binding sites in viral capsid expansion and dissociation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Simulated the STNV capsid in the presence and absence of 92 structural calcium ions.

Main Results:

  • Capsid expansion of 2.5% observed upon calcium removal, aligning with experimental data.
  • Water permeability increased 10-fold after calcium removal, primarily between 2-fold and 3-fold subunits.
  • Calcium binding sites near the 3-fold axis were critical for expansion and opening; the 5-fold axis site showed minimal structural change.

Conclusions:

  • Capsid dissociation is initiated at the 3-fold symmetry axis.
  • Calcium ions play a crucial role in maintaining capsid integrity and regulating water permeability in STNV.