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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
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Related Experiment Video

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Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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(R)-Doxylaminium (R,R)-tartrate.

A S Dayananda, Grzegorz Dutkiewicz, H S Yathirajan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 17, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of doxylaminium tartrate, revealing hydrogen bonding patterns that form a 2D grid. The anion exhibits an intramolecular hydrogen bond influencing its planar conformation.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Doxylaminium tartrate is a salt with potential pharmaceutical applications.
    • Understanding its crystal structure is crucial for predicting its physical and chemical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of (R)-dimethyl{2-[1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]ethyl}azanium (R,R)-3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxy-propanoate.
    • To investigate the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks and conformational analysis of the cation and anion.

    Main Results:

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    • The doxylaminium cation is protonated at the nitrogen atom.
    • Tartrate monoanions form chains via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, interlinked into a 2D grid by anion-pyridine O-H⋯N bonds.
    • Intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding in the anion results in a nearly planar fragment; the cation exhibits perpendicular aromatic rings and a gauche(-) O-C-C-N chain conformation.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, and weak C-H⋯O interactions.
    • The determined absolute configuration is consistent with the known chirality of the parent compound.
    • The findings provide insights into the solid-state behavior of doxylaminium tartrate.