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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
06:22

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Published on: September 1, 2019

Abnormal uterine bleeding during the reproductive years.

Bridget R Davidson1, Christina M Dipiero, Kara D Govoni

  • 1The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1289, USA.

Journal of Midwifery & Women'S Health
|May 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) affects many reproductive-aged women. Diagnosis requires a systematic approach, with hormonal therapies increasingly preferred over surgery for effective, individualized treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
06:22

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Published on: September 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology
  • Gynecology
  • Women's health

Background:

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent reason for healthcare visits among reproductive-aged women.
  • Etiologies of AUB are diverse and depend on the woman's age and life stage.
  • Diagnosis necessitates a systematic approach, integrating health history and symptom review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current literature on abnormal uterine bleeding.
  • To describe contributing etiologies, common presentations, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of AUB.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis
  • Review of current research on AUB

Main Results:

  • Treatment trends show a shift from surgical interventions to conservative hormonal therapies.
  • Combined contraceptives and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems are effective hormonal options.
  • Individualized treatment plans are crucial, requiring clinician knowledge of diverse AUB management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of AUB involves understanding its varied causes and presentations.
  • Hormonal therapies offer conservative and effective alternatives to surgery for AUB.
  • Collaborative, individualized treatment planning is essential for optimal patient outcomes in AUB management.