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Reference values for essential and toxic elements in human milk.

E Coni1, P Falconieri, E Ferrante

  • 1Laboratorio di Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
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Establishing dependable reference values for essential and toxic elements in human milk is crucial for health monitoring. This study determined baseline concentrations for 12 elements using inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Reliable reference values (RVs) for elements in human biological samples are vital for early disease detection.
  • Current data gaps for toxicological, environmental, and nutritional elements necessitate advanced measurement techniques.
  • Human milk is a critical matrix for assessing elemental exposure and nutritional status.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for quantifying elements in human milk.
  • To establish reference concentrations for 12 key elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in human milk.
  • To assess elemental levels in human milk across different population groups (smokers/non-smokers, urban/rural).

Main Methods:

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  • Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was employed for elemental analysis.
  • Two sample digestion methods were validated: strong acid mixtures and microwave-assisted acid mineralization.
  • Human milk samples were collected from 36 healthy women across four distinct population groups.

Main Results:

  • ICP-AES proved suitable for accurate and precise quantification of minor and trace elements in human milk.
  • Median reference values (mg/kg) were determined for Al (0.14), Ba (0.013), Cd (0.002), Cr (0.016), Cu (0.40), Fe (0.72), Li (0.004), Mg (29.4), Mn (0.006), Ni (0.05), Pb (0.016), and Zn (3.08).
  • Both acid digestion and microwave-assisted mineralization methods yielded satisfactory results for ICP-AES analysis.

Conclusions:

  • This study successfully established reference values for 12 elements in human milk.
  • The findings contribute to a better understanding of elemental exposure and nutritional status in lactating women.
  • Validated ICP-AES methods provide a foundation for large-scale human milk elemental monitoring programs.