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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

Fetal longitudinal myocardial function assessment by anatomic M-mode.

Ioannis Germanakis1, Spyridon Pepes, Stavros Sifakis

  • 1Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece. germjohn@med.uoc.gr

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
|May 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Offline anatomic M-mode (AMM) allows feasible evaluation of fetal atrioventricular annulus long-axis displacement (LAD). This method shows good correlation with conventional M-mode (MM), enabling robust assessment of fetal cardiac function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Fetal Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Assessing fetal cardiac function is crucial for prenatal diagnostics.
  • Conventional M-mode (MM) requires real-time acquisition, limiting retrospective analysis.
  • Anatomic M-mode (AMM) offers a potential offline alternative for evaluating cardiac mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of offline anatomic M-mode (AMM) for studying fetal atrioventricular annulus long-axis displacement (LAD).
  • To compare the performance of AMM against conventional real-time M-mode (MM) in measuring fetal LAD.
  • To evaluate the relationship between fetal LAD and gestational age using both AMM and MM.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective recording of paired AMM and MM LAD studies in 54 fetuses.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

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Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

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  • AMM LAD measurement using virtual M-mode lines on stored 2D fetal heart images.
  • Analysis of LAD in lateral mitral (LV), proximal mitral (IVS), and lateral tricuspid (RV) segments across 91 pregnancies.

    • Main Results:

    • AMM successfully measured annulus LAD in all cases and segments, regardless of cardiac axis alignment.
    • High correlation was observed between AMM and MM for LAD measurements (RV r=0.901, LV r=0.899, IVS r=0.815).
    • Both methods revealed LAD in RV > LV > IVS and a significant increase with gestational age.

    Conclusions:

    • Offline AMM is a feasible method for evaluating fetal longitudinal myocardial function from standard 2D images.
    • AMM provides comparable results to conventional MM in paired studies with insonation angles <30°.
    • AMM enhances the capability for retrospective analysis of fetal cardiac function.