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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage01:25

Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage

Understanding how a drug's concentration fluctuates within the body over time is crucial in pharmacokinetics, particularly with multiple oral doses. A graphical representation of multiple oral dosages provides insight into these dynamics. Typical accumulation curves of a drug's concentration in the body reveal a sawtooth pattern, indicating periodic peaks and troughs correlating with each dose administration and the drug's subsequent elimination.The plasma concentration at any time during an...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

OnabotulinumtoxinA dose-ranging study for hyperdynamic perioral lines.

Joel L Cohen1, Steven H Dayan, Sue Ellen Cox

  • 1AboutSkin Dermatology and DermSurgery, Englewood, CO 80113, USA. jcohenderm@yahoo.com

Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [Et Al.]
|May 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

OnabotulinumtoxinA effectively reduces perioral lines (POLs) and improves lip satisfaction. A lower dose (7.5 U) may be sufficient for up to 16 weeks with fewer adverse events.

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Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
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Published on: March 3, 2014

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Aesthetic Medicine
  • Neuromodulator Treatments

Background:

  • Limited dosing data exists for onabotulinumtoxinA in treating hyperdynamic perioral lines (POLs).
  • Controlled studies are crucial for optimizing onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of the hyperfunctional orbicularis oris muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the dose-response relationship of two onabotulinumtoxinA doses for hyperdynamic POLs.
  • Evaluate efficacy and safety of 7.5 U versus 12.0 U of onabotulinumtoxinA.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized study involving 60 female subjects receiving onabotulinumtoxinA injections (7.5 U or 12.0 U).
  • Assessments included POL severity and total lip satisfaction (TLS) at multiple follow-up visits up to 20 weeks.

Main Results:

  • Significant POL severity reduction observed through week 20 with 12.0 U and until week 16 with 7.5 U.
  • Higher responder rates at week 12 for 12.0 U (77%) compared to 7.5 U (36%).
  • Subject-assessed TLS improved for both doses, with dose-dependent adverse events.

Conclusions:

  • OnabotulinumtoxinA effectively reduces POL severity and enhances subject satisfaction.
  • A 7.5 U dose appears adequate for up to 16 weeks, offering a favorable balance of efficacy and safety.