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Subcellular Fractionation

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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
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Partial Fractions

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A partial fraction is a component of a rational expression represented as the sum of simpler fractions. When a rational function is expressed as a ratio of two polynomials, it can often be decomposed into a sum of fractions whose denominators are simpler polynomials, typically linear or irreducible quadratic factors. This process is called partial fraction decomposition, and it is used to simplify complex expressions for integration, solving equations, or analysis.Partial fraction decomposition...

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

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Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However, intramolecular dehydration...

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...

Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation

Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation

This lesson delves into the mass spectrometry of branched alkane fragmentation. Branched alkanes possess secondary or tertiary carbon atoms, which generate relatively stable carbocations if the cleavage occurs at the branching point. The high stability of carbocations drives the instant fragmentation of branched alkanes. Accordingly, the branched alkane's molecular ion peak is very weak or invisible in the mass spectra, especially in comparison to a linear alkane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

Published on: June 1, 2017

Fractionation: past, present, future.

Nazanin Saedi¹, H Ray Jalian, Anthony Petelin

¹SkinCare Physicians, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA. nsaedi@skincarephysicians.net

Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery

|May 30, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fractional photothermolysis advances laser skin resurfacing by heating small tissue areas, leaving surrounding skin intact. This innovative laser technology offers improved results with fewer complications and a comfortable recovery.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

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Published on: June 1, 2017

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Innovative Adipose Tissue Fractionation for Transforming Fat into Specialized Components

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Laser Technology
Aesthetic Medicine

Background:

Fractional photothermolysis represents a significant advancement in laser technology for cutaneous resurfacing.
The technique involves treating skin in a fractional pattern, creating microscopic thermal zones in the tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the development and impact of fractional photothermolysis in dermatology.
To discuss the advantages of fractional laser devices over traditional methods.

Main Methods:

The core principle involves thermal heating of narrow tissue cylinders while preserving adjacent normal skin.
Optimization of treatment parameters for fractional laser devices.

Main Results:

Fractional devices demonstrate efficacy in treating diverse dermatological conditions.
Improved patient outcomes with reduced postoperative discomfort and complications compared to older laser techniques.

Conclusions:

Fractional photothermolysis offers benefits comparable to carbon dioxide lasers with enhanced patient comfort and safety.
The future of fractionated laser devices is promising, with expanding applications driven by new technologies and wavelengths.