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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
07:39

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Coupling plasmons and dyakonons.

Osamu Takayama1, David Artigas, Lluis Torner

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.

Optics Letters
|June 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We investigated the coupling of plasmons and Dyakonov surface waves in layered structures. Efficient coupling up to 90% is achievable with optimized material properties and light direction.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) exist at interfaces between anisotropic and isotropic materials.
  • Surface plasmons are collective electron oscillations at metal-dielectric interfaces.
  • Coupling these phenomena could enable novel photonic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coupling between plasmons and Dyakonov surface waves.
  • To identify conditions for efficient energy transfer between these wave types.
  • To explore potential applications in optical devices.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of wave propagation in isotropic-birefringent-metal layered structures.
  • Numerical simulations to model the coupling efficiency.
  • Parametric study of material properties (birefringence, refractive index) and geometry.

Main Results:

  • Efficient coupling between plasmons and DSWs is demonstrated.
  • Coupling efficiency is highly dependent on crystal birefringence, isotropic medium refractive index, and light propagation direction.
  • Predicted coupling efficiencies can reach up to 90% for low-loss metals.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding plasmon-DSW coupling.
  • Optimized structures can achieve high coupling efficiencies, paving the way for advanced photonic applications.
  • This research contributes to the development of novel optical sensors and modulators.