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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice
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Enhanced GITR/GITRL interactions augment IL-27 expression and induce IL-10-producing Tr-1 like cells.

Yijun Carrier1, Matthew J Whitters, Joy S Miyashiro

  • 1Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02118, USA. yijun.carrier@pfizer.com

European Journal of Immunology
|June 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Enhanced glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) signaling promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation. This study reveals how GITR ligand expression impacts T-cell regulation and tolerance.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice
07:34

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice

Published on: December 16, 2021

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) is a coactivating receptor on T cells.
  • GITR is constitutively on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and induced on activated T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term effects of GITR signaling.
  • To understand the role of GITR ligand (GITRL) in T-cell regulation and peripheral tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Generated transgenic mice with constitutive GITR ligand (GITRL) expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • Analyzed Treg cell expansion, naive T cell activation and depletion, and immune infiltrates.
  • Quantified regulatory T cell populations, including IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1)-like cells.

Main Results:

  • Transgenic mice showed Treg cell expansion but increased naive T cell activation and depletion.
  • Multiorgan lymphocytic infiltrates were observed without overt autoimmunity.
  • Increased numbers of IL-10-producing Tr1-like cells were found, suppressing naive T cell proliferation.
  • Enhanced IL-27 production from APCs and c-Maf activation in Tr1-like cells were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced GITR/GITRL interactions have diverse regulatory roles in T-cell responses.
  • GITR/GITRL signaling promotes Tr1-like cell differentiation, contributing to peripheral T-cell tolerance.
  • A compensatory immunoregulatory mechanism involving Tr1-like cells exists.