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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...
Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles01:21

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles

The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep...
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...

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[Effect of blue range light-emitting diode radiation on platelets and blood coagulation factors in patients with chronic ischemia of lower limbs].

Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii, i lechebnoi fizicheskoi kultury·2024
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[Rationale for early rehabilitation of patients with uterine corpus cancer].

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A Comparative Assessment of Effects of Major Mediators of Acute Phase Response (IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6) on Breathing Pattern and Survival Rate in Rats with Acute Progressive Hypoxia.

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Participation of NO-Dependent Mechanisms in the Effects of Increased Systemic Level of Interleukin-1β on Pial Microvessels under Conditions of Acute Hypoxia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

[Cytokines and resistive breathing].

N P Aleksandrova

    Fiziologiia Cheloveka
    |June 12, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    The immune system influences breathing control. Cytokines may cause respiratory muscle fatigue and reduce the breathing response to high carbon dioxide levels during resistive loading.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Respiratory Physiology

    Context:

    • Breathing control is complex, involving neural and chemical factors.
    • The immune system's role in respiratory regulation is an emerging area of research.

    Purpose:

    • To review and analyze experimental studies on immune system involvement in breathing control.
    • To examine the hypothesis linking cytokines to respiratory muscle fatigue and altered ventilatory sensitivity.

    Summary:

    • Experimental evidence suggests immune system components, particularly cytokines, play a role in respiratory control.
    • Cytokines may contribute to respiratory muscle fatigue and diminished ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia under resistive loading conditions.
    • Mechanisms of cytokine action within the respiratory system are explored.

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    Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography
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    Custom Smartphone Application to Guide Locomotor-Respiratory Coupling in the Field Using Step-Adaptive Breathing Sounds
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    Custom Smartphone Application to Guide Locomotor-Respiratory Coupling in the Field Using Step-Adaptive Breathing Sounds

    Published on: September 27, 2024

    Impact:

    • Highlights the potential impact of immune mediators on respiratory function.
    • Suggests novel therapeutic targets for respiratory conditions involving immune dysregulation.
    • Provides a foundation for future research into neuro-immune interactions in respiration.