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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
06:15

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Published on: March 6, 2019

Congenital lung lesions.

Pramod S Puligandla1, Jean-Martin Laberge

  • 1Pediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, 2300 Tupper Street, Suite C-811, Montreal, Quebec H3P 1P3, Canada.

Clinics in Perinatology
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosis and management of congenital lung lesions remain complex. This review clarifies classifications, treatment options, and surgical outcomes for these rare conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Neonatal Medicine

Background:

  • Congenital lung lesions present diagnostic and management challenges prenatally and postnatally.
  • Existing classifications for these lesions are varied, including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation/congenital pulmonary airway malformation and sequestrations.
  • Uncertainty exists regarding malignant transformation risks, such as with pleuropulmonary blastoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic and treatment strategies for fetal congenital lung lesions.
  • To clarify classifications and discuss variants and hybrid lesions.
  • To evaluate arguments for and against resection of asymptomatic lesions, timing, and long-term pulmonary function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current diagnostic and treatment modalities.

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  • Analysis of lesion classifications and associated risks.
  • Examination of surgical intervention evidence, including thoracoscopic approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • The review synthesizes information on fetal diagnosis and treatment of congenital lung lesions.
    • It addresses classification complexities, including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation/congenital pulmonary airway malformation and sequestrations.
    • The review discusses risks like malignant transformation and evaluates surgical resection outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Congenital lung lesions require careful diagnosis and management, with ongoing debate on optimal treatment strategies.
    • Understanding lesion classification and potential risks is crucial for patient care.
    • Evidence supports thoracoscopic resection for certain congenital lung lesions, with considerations for long-term pulmonary function.