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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Like Cells with a Mature Immune Phenotype
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Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Like Cells with a Mature Immune Phenotype

Published on: May 19, 2023

Differentiation state determines neural effects on microvascular endothelial cells.

Lara A Muffley1, Shin-Chen Pan, Andria N Smith

  • 1University of Washington, Campus Box 359796, 300 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. muffley@u.washington.edu

Experimental Cell Research
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Neural progenitor cells and mature sensory neurons uniquely influence skin capillary function. While both cell types secrete distinct proteins affecting angiogenesis, they have opposing effects on endothelial cell migration and nitric oxide production.

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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
10:48

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Published on: April 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Neuroscience
  • Vascular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Nerves and capillaries exhibit paracrine interactions in healthy skin and wounds.
  • Mature neurons are the primary neural cells in skin, but neural progenitor cells are also present.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct paracrine effects of neural progenitor cells and mature sensory neurons on dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
  • To compare the protein secretion profiles and functional impacts of these two neural cell types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of paracrine factors secreted by neural progenitor cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons.
  • Assessment of dermal microvascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and nitric oxide production in response to these factors.

Main Results:

  • Neural progenitor cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons possess unique secretory profiles, including distinct proteins involved in angiogenesis.
  • Dorsal root ganglion neurons inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, while neural progenitor cells did not.
  • Neural progenitor cells inhibited endothelial cell migration, whereas dorsal root ganglion neurons did not.
  • Dorsal root ganglion neurons increased endothelial cell nitric oxide production, while neural progenitor cells did not.

Conclusions:

  • Neural progenitor cells and mature sensory neurons exert differential paracrine control over dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
  • These distinct cellular interactions may play significant roles in skin homeostasis and wound healing processes.