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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles01:20

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at the triad, a structure found in skeletal muscle fibers that comprise a T-tubule and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side. These triads are visible in longitudinally sectioned muscle fibers. They are typically located at the A-I junction — the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere.
When an action potential...

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Phase transitions in physiologic coupling.

Ronny P Bartsch1, Aicko Y Schumann, Jan W Kantelhardt

  • 1Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiorespiratory phase synchronization (CRPS) significantly changes with sleep stages, increasing from REM sleep to deep sleep. This sleep-stage effect on CRPS is more pronounced than age-related changes in healthy aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiological systems dynamics
  • Cardiorespiratory interactions
  • Neural control mechanisms

Background:

  • Integrated physiological systems like cardiac and respiratory exhibit complex dynamics.
  • Intrinsic feedback mechanisms control the interaction between cardiac and respiratory systems.
  • The nature, relevance, and neural control of cardiorespiratory interaction are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cardiorespiratory phase synchronization (CRPS) responses to varying physiological states.
  • To determine how sleep stage transitions influence CRPS.
  • To assess the impact of aging on CRPS and its sleep-stage patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Studied phase synchronization of heartbeat intervals and respiratory cycles.
  • Analyzed CRPS across different sleep stages (REM, wake, light, deep sleep) in healthy subjects.
  • Compared CRPS in healthy young subjects with elderly subjects.

Main Results:

  • CRPS significantly increases (400%) from REM sleep/wake to light/deep sleep in healthy subjects, indicating sympatho-vagal balance influence.
  • Elderly subjects show a 40% reduction in overall CRPS compared to younger subjects.
  • The sleep-stage stratification pattern of CRPS remains stable in elderly subjects; sleep stage differences in CRPS exceed age differences.

Conclusions:

  • Sleep regulation has a stronger effect on cardiorespiratory coupling than healthy aging.
  • CRPS and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reflect distinct aspects of cardiorespiratory interaction.
  • Physiological variables influencing respiratory sinus arrhythmia do not impact CRPS.