Recent advances in 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds

Computer-aided tissue engineering enables the fabrication of multifunctional scaffolds that meet the structural, mechanical, and nutritional requirements based on optimized models. In this chapter, three-dimensional printing technology is described, and several limitations in the current direct printing approach are discussed. This chapter also describes indirect three-dimensional printing protocol to overcome convergent demands with a traditional method, without sacrificing the key advantage of material versatility.