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Related Concept Videos

Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone.
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such as sodium, dissociates into a...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Acrylate functionalized tetraalkylammonium salts with ionic liquid properties.

Dorian C Grothe1, Wolfdietrich Meyer, Silvia Janietz

  • 1Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselberg Str. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. dorian.grothe@iap.fraunhofer.de

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

New acrylate functionalized ionic liquids were synthesized and tested. Replacing halide ions with weakly coordinating anions significantly reduced melting points and improved ionic conductivity for solid-state electrolyte applications.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising electrolytes due to their unique properties.
  • Developing ILs with tailored structures is crucial for advanced applications like solid-state electrolytes.
  • Acrylate and methacrylate functional groups offer potential for polymerization and enhanced material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel acrylate and methacrylate functionalized ionic liquids based on tetraalkylammonium salts.
  • To investigate the impact of cationic structure and counterions on the properties of these ILs.
  • To evaluate their potential as components for solid-state electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of twenty ionic liquid compounds with varying cationic structures and terminal acrylate/methacrylate groups.
  • Characterization using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
  • Determination of melting points and ionic conductivity at room temperature.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of novel functionalized ionic liquids.
  • Exchange of halide counterions for weakly coordinating anions ([PF₆]⁻, [OTf]⁻, [TFSI]⁻) significantly lowered melting points.
  • Achieved ionic conductivity of approximately 10⁻⁴ S/cm at room temperature, with dicationic ILs reaching 10⁻³ S/cm.

Conclusions:

  • Cationic structure and counterion choice critically influence ionic liquid properties.
  • Synthesized ionic liquids demonstrate potential for solid-state electrolyte applications.
  • Weakly coordinating anions are key to achieving lower melting points and higher ionic conductivity.