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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Related Experiment Video

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Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice
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Published on: May 23, 2025

Leptomeningeal metastases.

Jordi Bruna1, Marta Simó, Roser Velasco

  • 1Unit of Neuro-Oncology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-ICO Duran i Reynals, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, 35078jbe@comb.cat.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leptomeningeal cancer dissemination requires early diagnosis and tailored treatment. Advances in intrathecal chemotherapy and imaging improve outcomes for selected patients with this metastatic complication.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Leptomeningeal cancer dissemination is a growing metastatic complication in oncology.
  • Diagnosis and response assessment challenges, coupled with poor prognosis, hinder effective treatment.
  • Despite challenges, therapeutic management advances offer improved outcomes for selected patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight critical advances in diagnosing and treating leptomeningeal cancer dissemination.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and multimodal treatment strategies.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic options for leptomeningeal metastases.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive MRI of the entire neuraxis is mandatory for diagnosis.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, including up to two lumbar punctures if needed, is essential.
  • Flow cytometry and novel biomarkers are recommended to enhance CSF analysis sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Early diagnosis significantly improves survival and time to neurological progression.
  • Intrathecal chemotherapy via Ommaya reservoirs combined with focal radiotherapy offers benefits.
  • Liposomal cytarabine shows advantages over methotrexate for intrathecal administration.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized treatment choice of intrathecal agents based on primary malignancy is critical.
  • Effective systemic disease management is crucial for improved patient outcomes.
  • Ongoing research and new agents are expanding treatment options for leptomeningeal metastases.