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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
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Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Published on: August 21, 2017

Optic neuritis.

Mary Caitlin Dooley1, Rod Foroozan

  • 1Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Demyelinating optic neuritis, a common cause of vision loss, may signal multiple sclerosis. Early MRI and specific treatments can aid prognosis but long-term questions remain.

Keywords:
Demyelinating DiseasesOptic Nerve DiseasesOptic Neuritis

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Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination
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Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

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Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination
06:49

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

Published on: July 29, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Demyelinating optic neuritis is a frequent cause of unilateral painful vision loss in the US.
  • It serves as an initial clinical sign of multiple sclerosis in 20% of cases.
  • Long-term visual prognosis is generally favorable, but MS risk stratification is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the presentation, management, and implications of acute demyelinating optic neuritis.
  • To discuss the role of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) in risk stratification.
  • To explore treatment outcomes and unanswered questions in acute demyelinating optic neuritis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT).
  • Analysis of risk stratification based on brain MRI abnormalities.
  • Evaluation of treatment effects of corticosteroids and immunomodulating agents.

Main Results:

  • Brain MRI findings help stratify multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis.
  • Intravenous corticosteroids accelerate visual recovery but do not improve long-term visual outcomes.
  • Interferon treatment may improve outcomes and reduce subsequent MS risk.

Conclusions:

  • Acute demyelinating optic neuritis requires careful management and risk assessment.
  • While treatments improve recovery, long-term implications and unanswered questions persist.
  • Further research is needed to fully address the complexities of this condition.