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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

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Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures
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Published on: March 27, 2019

Molecular pathways controlling pancreas induction.

Kyle W McCracken1, James M Wells

  • 1Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. Kyle.mccracken@cchmc.org

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|June 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding early pancreas development from pluripotent stem cells is key. This review details molecular mechanisms guiding endoderm formation and pancreas specification, enabling robust generation of pancreatic cells.

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Published on: August 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Pancreas development is a complex process regulated by specific molecular mechanisms.
  • Generating pancreatic cell types from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) relies on understanding in vivo development.
  • Early embryonic events, from gastrulation to pancreatic primordia formation, are rapid and dynamic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling endoderm formation, patterning, and pancreas specification.
  • To highlight how developmental insights have enabled robust methods for generating pancreatic cells from hPSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pancreas development in various model organisms (frog, fish, chick, mouse).
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing endoderm differentiation and patterning.
  • Evaluation of strategies for directing hPSCs towards pancreatic lineages.

Main Results:

  • Key molecular pathways regulating endoderm formation and pancreas specification have been identified.
  • Comparative studies across species reveal conserved mechanisms of pancreatic development.
  • Advances in developmental biology have directly translated into improved protocols for hPSC differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of in vivo pancreas development is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Targeted manipulation of developmental pathways can efficiently generate specific pancreatic cell types from hPSCs.
  • This review consolidates current understanding and future directions in hPSC-based pancreatic cell generation.