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Updated: May 20, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

Micrometre-scale refrigerators.

Juha T Muhonen¹, Matthias Meschke, Jukka P Pekola

¹Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University, School of Science, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)

|July 14, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...

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Electronic on-chip coolers utilize superconductors or quantum dots as energy filters. This review covers experimental conditions, practical limitations, and recent advancements in sub-kelvin cryogenic coolers.

Area of Science:

Solid State Physics
Quantum Electronics
Cryogenics

Background:

Superconductors and quantum dots act as energy filters for quasiparticles.
This principle enables the development of electronic on-chip coolers.
Micrometre-scale coolers operating at sub-kelvin temperatures have been demonstrated since the 1990s.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fundamental experimental requirements for creating electronic on-chip coolers.
To discuss the primary practical challenges impacting cooler performance.
To provide an updated overview of recent experimental progress in cryogenic micrometre-scale coolers.

Main Methods:

Review of experimental conditions for energy-filtering coolers.
Analysis of performance-limiting factors in micrometre-scale coolers.

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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

Compilation and summary of recent experimental results (past five years).

Main Results:

Identification of key requirements for effective energy filtering in coolers.
Characterization of practical issues hindering optimal cooler performance.
Summary of advancements and current state of cryogenic micrometre-scale cooler technology.

Conclusions:

Electronic on-chip coolers are feasible using superconductors or quantum dots.
Understanding and mitigating performance limitations are crucial for practical applications.
Recent experiments show continued progress in sub-kelvin cryogenic cooling technology.