Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 20, 2026
11:11
Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach
Published on: February 21, 2019
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme-specific substrates and their design
Jeong-Hun Kang1, Riki Toita, Chan Woo Kim
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. jrjhkang@ri.ncvc.go.jp
Biotechnology Advances
|July 31, 2012
Summary
Understanding protein kinase C (PKC) signaling requires specific substrates. This review examines known isozyme-specific peptide substrates for protein kinase C (PKC) and their design.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
- Cell Signaling
Background:
- Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key enzyme in cellular signal transduction, regulating processes in normal and cancerous cells.
- Eleven distinct PKC isozymes exist, each with unique roles in intracellular signaling pathways.
- Understanding the specific functions of each PKC isozyme is crucial for deciphering complex cellular responses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the literature on native and synthetic PKC isozyme-specific peptide substrates.
- To discuss the design principles and methodologies for creating these specific substrates.
- To highlight the importance of isozyme-specific substrates in characterizing PKC-regulated signaling pathways.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of published studies on PKC substrates and peptide design.
- Analysis of consensus sequences and sequence information from known PKC target proteins.
- Evaluation of computational prediction programs for identifying phosphorylation sites.
Main Results:
- Currently, only two PKC isozyme-specific peptide substrates have been reported: peptide 422-426 of murine elongation factor-1α and the Alphatomega peptide.
- Consensus sequences and computational tools are vital for designing novel isozyme-specific peptide substrates.
- A significant gap exists in the availability of characterized isozyme-specific substrates for most PKC family members.
Conclusions:
- Development of PKC isozyme-specific peptide substrates is essential for detailed analysis of cellular signaling.
- Further research is needed to identify and design more specific substrates for the diverse PKC isozymes.
- These substrates will advance our understanding of PKC's role in both normal physiology and disease states.
Related Concept Videos
02:54Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
02:54Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
01:25cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
01:16Calmodulin-dependent Signaling
Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
01:19Allosteric Proteins-ATCase
Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function. For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway,...
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway,...
01:07MAPK Signaling Cascades
Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...