Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin, delayed...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Composition by Sex of State and Federal Legislative Health Committees.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Education Programs.

The Journal of nursing education·2024
Same author

"How to article:" guidelines for serving on an expert panel.

Medical education online·2024
Same author

Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Education: A National Study of Prelicensure RN Programs.

Journal of nursing regulation·2023
Same author

Applying Principles of a Fair and Just Culture to a Student Scenario.

The Journal of nursing education·2023
Same author

Nursing Student Errors and Near Misses: Three Years of Data.

The Journal of nursing education·2023
Same journal

Hemangiomas: Beyond the Skin.

Pediatrics in review·2026
Same journal

More Than Innocent: A Continuous Murmur in an Infant.

Pediatrics in review·2026
Same journal

Genetic Testing.

Pediatrics in review·2026
Same journal

Visual Diagnosis: Term Infant With a Hemorrhagic Dermatologic Lesion.

Pediatrics in review·2026
Same journal

Long-Term Complications of Sickle Cell Disease.

Pediatrics in review·2026
Same journal

Pediatric Multisystemic Illness With Cardiac Involvement: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Pediatrics in review·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

Vitamins.

Bryon Lauer1, Nancy Spector

  • 1Drexel University College of Medicine, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Pediatrics in Review
|August 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

All infants need 400 IU/day of vitamin D from birth to prevent deficiency and rickets. Newborns require 1 mg of vitamin K at birth, and women of childbearing age should supplement folate to prevent neural tube defects.

More Related Videos

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
09:56

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Published on: August 18, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
09:56

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Published on: August 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Neonatology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Vitamin D deficiency and rickets are preventable in infants.
  • Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a serious risk for newborns.
  • Neural tube defects can be reduced with adequate folate intake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline evidence-based recommendations for vitamin D supplementation in infants and children.
  • To establish guidelines for vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns.
  • To emphasize the importance of folate supplementation for women of childbearing age.

Main Methods:

  • Review of strong research evidence supporting supplementation guidelines.
  • Analysis of data on the efficacy of vitamin D, vitamin K, and folate.
  • Synthesis of recommendations for pediatric and prenatal nutrition.

Main Results:

  • Infants require 400 IU/day of vitamin D from the first days of life.
  • Children and adolescents over 1 year may need up to 600 IU/day of vitamin D.
  • Newborns should receive 1 mg of vitamin K at birth.
  • Folate supplementation is recommended for preconceptional and pregnant women.

Conclusions:

  • Routine vitamin D supplementation is crucial for preventing rickets in infants.
  • Vitamin K prophylaxis at birth is essential for preventing bleeding disorders.
  • Folate supplementation significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects.