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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice
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[Prolactin and the laboratory].

Andreia Veloza1, Susana Prazeres

  • 1Serviço de Endocrinologia e Diabetes, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa
|August 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macroprolactin and the hook effect can cause misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Screening for macroprolactin and diluting samples for the hook effect ensures accurate patient management.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Laboratory Medicine

Context:

  • Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrine disorder.
  • Elevated prolactin levels can be caused by various factors, including pituitary adenomas and medications.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate patient management and to avoid unnecessary interventions.

Purpose:

  • To highlight two common laboratory pitfalls in diagnosing hyperprolactinemia: macroprolactin and the hook effect.
  • To emphasize the importance of screening for macroprolactin in all hyperprolactinemic patients.
  • To provide guidance on identifying and managing the hook effect to prevent misdiagnosis.

Summary:

  • Macroprolactin, a prolactin-antibody complex, can lead to falsely elevated prolactin levels, complicating diagnosis and treatment.
  • The hook effect can cause falsely low prolactin levels in patients with very high prolactin concentrations, particularly those with prolactinomas.
  • Simple laboratory tests, such as polyethyleneglycol precipitation for macroprolactin and serum dilution for the hook effect, can resolve these diagnostic challenges.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for hyperprolactinemia.
  • Prevention of unnecessary medical or surgical treatments.
  • More efficient and appropriate patient management pathways.
  • Enhanced understanding of common laboratory interferences in prolactin assays.