Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temperature and developmental stage govern intestinal susceptibility to human coronavirus 229E.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

IgA is necessary and sufficient to prevent norovirus infection in mice.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

mRNA delivery of a class 1/4 SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody protects against diverse sarbecoviruses in a lethal mouse challenge model.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Selective reactivation of latent HIV using CyclinT1-Tat-containing virus-like particles.

Virology·2026
Same author

Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.

Annual review of pathology·2025
Same author

Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for hedgehog merbecoviruses.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

The Biology of Malaria Parasite Liver Infection.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
Same journal

The Interaction between Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis: Epidemiology, Screening, and Clinical Management.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
Same journal

New Malaria Prevention Modalities: Long-Acting Interventions Beyond Vaccines.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
Same journal

From Parasite to Pill: Harnessing Biology for Breakthroughs in Antimalarial Drug Discovery.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
Same journal

Malaria Parasite Genomics: Decentralization, Diversification, and Development Goals.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
Same journal

Tuberculosis Infection: Diagnosis and Management.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

HIV: cell binding and entry.

Craig B Wilen1, John C Tilton, Robert W Doms

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|August 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses its envelope protein to bind host cell receptors, initiating viral entry and infection. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for developing new HIV therapies and preventing disease progression.

More Related Videos

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion
07:22

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion

Published on: August 14, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion
07:22

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion

Published on: August 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The initial binding and entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into host cells are critical determinants of viral tropism and pathogenesis.
  • HIV employs a sophisticated mechanism to deliver its genetic material into the host cytoplasm while evading immune surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of HIV entry into host cells.
  • To offer historical context for key discoveries in HIV entry research.
  • To discuss recent advancements and future directions in understanding HIV-host cell interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HIV replication and entry mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of the HIV envelope (Env) protein in receptor binding.
  • Examination of the sequential binding to CD4 and coreceptors.

Main Results:

  • HIV Env protein binding to CD4 and a coreceptor triggers viral and host cell membrane fusion.
  • This process initiates the HIV replication cycle and subsequent infection.
  • Understanding HIV entry mechanisms has significant implications for viral tropism, transmission, and pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating HIV entry mechanisms is vital for developing effective therapeutic interventions.
  • Continued research into HIV-host cell interactions will advance our understanding of viral pathogenesis.
  • Future directions may focus on novel strategies to block HIV entry and prevent infection.