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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Viroids and hepatitis delta virus.

Ricardo Flores1, Susana Ruiz-Ruiz, Pedro Serra

  • 1Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain. rflores@ibmcp.upv.es

Seminars in Liver Disease
|August 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viroids and hepatitis delta virus RNA share structural similarities, suggesting they may be remnants of an ancient RNA world. These subviral agents highlight the functional capabilities of RNA beyond simple genetic information storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Origin of Life Studies

Background:

  • Viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants and lack protein-coding ability.
  • Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA, the smallest animal virus genome, shares structural and replication similarities with viroids.
  • Both viroids and HDV RNA contain ribozymes and exhibit structural simplicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the structural and functional parallels between viroids and HDV RNA.
  • To investigate the potential of these agents as molecular fossils of the RNA world.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of RNA structure and replication mechanisms.
  • Review of existing literature on viroid and HDV RNA biology.

Main Results:

  • Viroids and HDV RNA are circular, highly structured, and replicate via rolling-circle mechanisms.
  • Both contain catalytic RNA (ribozyme) elements.
  • HDV RNA encodes a protein, distinguishing it from viroids.

Conclusions:

  • The striking similarities suggest a common evolutionary origin or shared ancient characteristics.
  • Viroids and HDV RNA serve as compelling candidates for molecular fossils of the RNA world.
  • Their study offers insights into early RNA-based life forms.