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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
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Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
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Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...

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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Learned predictiveness influences automatic evaluations in human contingency learning.

M E Le Pelley1, G Calvini, R Spears

  • 1School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. m.lepelley@unsw.edu.au

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|September 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Learned predictiveness of cues biases human evaluative conditioning. Prior learning influences automatic evaluation mechanisms, affecting how we form preferences based on cue associations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Evaluative conditioning (EC) shapes attitudes through cue-outcome associations.
  • The role of prior cue predictiveness in biasing EC remains unclear.
  • Understanding these biases informs theories of associative learning and attitude formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if learned cue predictiveness biases human evaluative conditioning.
  • To explore the influence of prior learning on automatic evaluation mechanisms.
  • To differentiate effects of fast-acting versus slower evaluative processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an affective priming procedure with human participants.
  • Manipulated the prior learned predictiveness of visual cues (predictive vs. nonpredictive).
  • Varied prime presentation duration (brief vs. longer) to probe automatic vs. controlled processes.

Main Results:

  • Brief prime presentation showed enhanced affective priming for previously predictive cues.
  • Longer prime presentation reversed this effect for previously predictive cues.
  • Previously nonpredictive cues did not show significant priming effects in either condition.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluative conditioning is susceptible to biases from prior cue learning.
  • Brief prime effects suggest automatic evaluation mechanisms are influenced by learned predictiveness.
  • Findings highlight the interplay between associative learning history and immediate affective responses.