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Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

T1 radiculopathy.

Gilbert M Willett¹, Timothy L Buresh

¹Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

|September 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A 40-year-old man experienced persistent back pain due to a T1-2 disc protrusion. This condition caused moderate left foraminal stenosis, requiring neurosurgical evaluation.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Orthopedics
Radiology

Background:

A 40-year-old male presented with persistent left T1-2 paravertebral muscle pain.
Initial physical therapy over two weeks yielded no symptom relief.

Observation:

The patient self-referred to a neurosurgeon due to the persistent nature of his pain.
Diagnostic imaging was pursued to investigate the underlying cause of the paravertebral discomfort.

Findings:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical and upper thoracic spine was performed.
The MRI revealed a left paracentral disc protrusion at the T1-2 level.
This disc protrusion resulted in moderate left foraminal stenosis.

Implications:

The findings indicate that the disc protrusion is the likely cause of the patient's persistent pain.
Foraminal stenosis at T1-2 can lead to nerve root compression and associated symptoms.
Further neurosurgical management may be indicated based on these findings.