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Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Published on: May 26, 2023

Progressive outer retinal necrosis presenting as cherry red spot.

Glenn Yiu, Lucy H Young

    Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
    |September 11, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), a severe viral eye infection, can mimic a cherry red spot. Early ophthalmological evaluation is crucial for immune-deficient patients with visual loss.

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    Published on: January 12, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Virology

    Background:

    • Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) is a severe necrotizing retinitis.
    • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a common cause of PORN, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
    • Atypical presentations of PORN can complicate diagnosis.

    Observation:

    • A case of PORN presenting with a characteristic "cherry red spot" is described.
    • The patient was a 53-year-old female with newly diagnosed HIV and VZV meningitis.
    • Rapid, sequential vision loss occurred over two months in both eyes.

    Findings:

    • Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral macular "cherry red spots" with peripheral retinal atrophy and pigmentary changes.
    • The clinical presentation was consistent with PORN.
    • Late presentation and rapid disease progression led to end-stage vision loss.

    Implications:

    • PORN should be included in the differential diagnosis of a "cherry red spot" presentation.
    • Prompt ophthalmological assessment is vital for immunocompromised patients with a history of herpetic infections presenting with visual disturbances.
    • Timely diagnosis and management of PORN are critical to prevent irreversible vision loss.