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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Cellular reprogramming: a small molecule perspective.

Baoming Nie1, Haixia Wang, Timothy Laurent

  • 1Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|September 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer revolutionary potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. Small molecules are key to understanding and improving the efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into iPSCs.

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Published on: March 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using specific transcription factors.
  • iPSCs closely resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and possess the potential to differentiate into any cell type.
  • This breakthrough opens avenues for personalized regenerative medicine and human disease modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of small molecules in regulating cellular reprogramming mechanisms.
  • To enhance the efficiency and fidelity of the reprogramming process.
  • To leverage cell fate transitions for diverse biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing small molecules to modulate key pathways involved in cellular reprogramming.
  • Investigating the impact of these molecules on the efficiency and quality of iPSC generation.
  • Analyzing genomic stability and epigenetic memory in reprogrammed cells.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules can significantly influence the reprogramming process.
  • Optimized small molecule combinations can enhance iPSC generation efficiency.
  • Further research is needed to fully address concerns regarding genomic stability and epigenetic memory.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecules are valuable tools for probing and controlling cellular reprogramming.
  • Harnessing cell fate transitions with small molecules holds promise for regenerative medicine and disease research.
  • Continued investigation is essential for the safe and effective clinical application of iPSCs.