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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Redox-active ligands in catalysis.

Oana R Luca1, Robert H Crabtree

  • 1Yale Chemistry Dept. and Energy Sciences Institute, P.O. Box 208107, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.

Chemical Society Reviews
|September 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study examines odd-electron, redox-active ligands in catalysis. It highlights the role of non-singlet states in catalytic and stoichiometric reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Redox-active ligands offer unique electronic properties for catalytic applications.
  • Odd-electron species, particularly radical anions and cations, are crucial intermediates in many chemical transformations.
  • Understanding non-singlet states of ligands is key to designing efficient catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of odd-electron, redox-active ligands in catalysis.
  • To investigate the involvement of ligand-based, non-singlet state intermediates in catalytic cycles.
  • To analyze their participation in related stoichiometric transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of electronic structures.
  • Computational modeling of reaction pathways.
  • Review of relevant literature on redox-active ligands and non-singlet states.

Main Results:

  • Odd-electron ligands can stabilize reactive intermediates through redox activity.
  • Non-singlet states of these ligands are accessible and participate directly in catalytic cycles.
  • These intermediates facilitate key bond-forming or bond-breaking steps.

Conclusions:

  • Odd-electron, redox-active ligands represent a promising class of compounds for catalytic development.
  • Harnessing non-singlet ligand states can lead to novel catalytic mechanisms and improved efficiency.
  • Further research into these systems could unlock new synthetic methodologies.