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Related Concept Videos

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
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Overview
Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
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Action Potential01:14

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
Action Potential01:14

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
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Current-induced membrane discharge.

M B Andersen1, M van Soestbergen, A Mani

  • 1Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

Physical Review Letters
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current-induced membrane discharge (CIMD) explains overlimiting current (OLC) in ion-exchange membranes by altering local pH and discharging the membrane. This mechanism offers new possibilities for ion exchange and pH control.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Membrane Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Overlimiting current (OLC) in ion-exchange membranes, exceeding diffusion limitations, has been studied for decades.
  • Existing theories often neglect chemical effects and have not been quantitatively validated.
  • Recent microfluidic experiments suggest electro-osmotic instability, but theoretical models are incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of charge regulation and water self-ionization in OLC.
  • To propose and test the "current-induced membrane discharge" (CIMD) mechanism.
  • To analyze the impact of CIMD on ion selectivity and electro-osmotic phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of ion-exchange membranes thicker than the Debye screening length.
  • Modeling of salt depletion, electric field effects, and local pH shifts.
  • Consideration of salt co-ions, H+ ions, and OH- ions in OLC.

Main Results:

  • Charge regulation and water self-ionization can induce OLC via CIMD, independent of fluid flow.
  • CIMD leads to membrane discharge and loss of ion selectivity due to local pH changes.
  • CIMD suppresses space charge, potentially altering electro-osmotic instability.

Conclusions:

  • CIMD provides a new quantitative explanation for OLC in ion-exchange membranes.
  • This mechanism has implications for electrodialysis and potential applications in ion exchange and pH control.
  • CIMD should be incorporated into future models and experiments investigating OLC.