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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Beats01:09

Beats

The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
Impulse Response01:17

Impulse Response

The impulse response is the system's reaction to an input impulse. In an RC circuit, the voltage source is the input, and the capacitor's voltage is the output. The system's state and output response before and after input excitation are distinctly defined.
Kirchhoff's law forms an input signal equation, with the capacitor's current and voltage providing the output. Substituting the current and dividing by RC yields a differential equation. The output for an impulse input is the impulse...
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging
04:54

A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

Published on: June 16, 2023

Custom designed acoustic pulses.

D C Lamb, J Tribble, A G Doukas

    Journal of Biomedical Optics
    |September 28, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers generated tunable photoacoustic pulses using a free-electron laser. This method allows precise control over pressure transients for studying biological tissue effects and potential therapeutic applications.

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    Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy
    08:31

    Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

    Published on: May 3, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Acoustics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Mechanical effects of pressure transients on biological tissues can be significant.
    • Controlled pressure transients offer potential therapeutic applications like drug delivery and gene therapy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for generating precisely controlled photoacoustic pulses.
    • To investigate the effects of variable stress transients on biological tissues.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a tunable, infrared, free-electron laser.
    • Employed a Pockels cell to control pulse duration (100-400 ns).
    • Adjusted rise times (15-100 ns) and amplitudes (0.005-0.1 MPa) of photoacoustic pulses.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully generated photoacoustic pulses with independently controlled rise times, durations, and amplitudes.
    • Demonstrated tunability of the laser across water absorption bands to vary thermal-elastically generated acoustical pulse rise times.
    • Showcased control of pulse duration via Pockels cell and pressure amplitude via cross polarizers.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique enables systemic probing of biological tissue responses to controlled stress transients.
    • This controlled generation of photoacoustic pulses has implications for understanding mechanical stress in biological systems.
    • Potential applications include advancing drug delivery and gene therapy through precise mechanical stimulation.