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Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

Vitamins

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

Published on: June 11, 2017

Emerging supplements in sports.

Bryan C Mason¹, Mark E Lavallee

¹Memorial Hospital, South Bend, Indiana.

|September 28, 2012

Summary

Athletes commonly use nutritional supplements for performance enhancement. However, scientific evidence does not support the efficacy of supplements like glutamine or nitric oxide for improving athletic performance.

Area of Science:

Sports Nutrition
Exercise Physiology
Dietary Supplements

Background:

Athletes widely use nutritional supplements marketed as ergogenic aids.
Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in advising athletes on supplement safety and effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify commonly promoted supplements on fitness sites.
To review the scientific evidence regarding the performance-enhancing effects of these supplements in athletes.

Main Methods:

Conducted an internet search of fitness and bodybuilding websites to identify supplement promotions.
Performed a MEDLINE search (2000-August 2011) for specific supplements (glutamine, choline, methoxyisoflavone, quercetin, zinc/magnesium aspartate, nitric oxide) and general terms (supplement, ergogenic aid, performance).

Keywords:

performance enhancement sports supplements

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

Published on: June 11, 2017

Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol

Published on: June 8, 2017

Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues

Preclinical Drug Testing in Scalable 3D Engineered Muscle Tissues

Published on: April 7, 2023

Main Results:

Six common and emerging supplements were identified: glutamine, choline, methoxyisoflavone, quercetin, zinc/magnesium aspartate, and nitric oxide.
The search identified numerous supplement promotions targeting athletes.

Conclusions:

Controlled studies have not established the effects of these supplements on athletic performance.
There is a lack of scientific evidence to support the use of these supplements for performance enhancement in athletes.