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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

H3+ at the interface between astrochemistry and astroparticle physics.

John H Black1

  • 1Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden. john.black@chalmers.se

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cosmic rays ionize interstellar gas, creating gamma radiation. Studying molecular ions like H(3)(+) can help pinpoint supernova remnants as cosmic ray accelerators.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

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Published on: March 29, 2016

Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Astrochemistry

Background:

  • The H(3)(+) molecular ion has been utilized to measure cosmic ray ionization rates in the interstellar medium.
  • Energetic cosmic rays are a source of diffuse gamma-radiation, and several supernova remnants (SNRs) are now identified as gamma-ray sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether spectroscopy of molecular ions can identify enhanced ionization rates around SNRs, thus pinpointing them as cosmic ray accelerators.
  • To explore the potential of radio recombination lines for studying warm, dilute molecular gas in the Galactic central molecular zone.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroscopy of molecular ions, specifically H(3)(+).
  • Analysis of diffuse gamma-radiation from supernova remnants.
  • Radio recombination line observations of atomic and potentially triatomic hydrogen.

Main Results:

  • The abstract proposes a method, not presents results.
  • Identified supernova remnants as gamma-ray sources provides an observational basis for the proposed study.

Conclusions:

  • The study proposes a novel approach to link supernova remnants to cosmic ray acceleration through enhanced ionization rates.
  • Radio recombination lines offer a complementary method to investigate molecular gas in the central molecular zone.