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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

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Published on: February 15, 2018

Antibiotics increase gut metabolism and antioxidant proteins and decrease acute phase response and necrotizing

Pingping Jiang1, Michael Ladegaard Jensen, Malene Skovsted Cilieborg

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

Plos One
|October 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Broad-spectrum antibiotics given to preterm infants reduced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) by improving gut integrity and lowering inflammation. This antibiotic treatment also altered key proteins, suggesting potential biomarkers for NEC progression.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
10:36

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal research
  • Microbiome-host interactions
  • Gastrointestinal physiology

Background:

  • Preterm infants are highly susceptible to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  • The role of antibiotics in NEC development and prevention is unclear.
  • Antibiotic effects on the preterm intestine and NEC sensitivity require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that early broad-spectrum antibiotic administration reduces NEC sensitivity in preterm neonates.
  • To explore the impact of antibiotics on intestinal protective mechanisms and protein expression.

Main Methods:

  • Preterm pigs were administered broad-spectrum antibiotics (gentamycin, ampicillin, metronidazole) for 5 days.
  • Antibiotic-treated (AB) group was compared to an untreated control group.
  • Analysis included assessment of NEC lesions, digestive function, intestinal and plasma protein expression.

Main Results:

  • Untreated pigs exhibited NEC lesions and impaired digestive function (reduced villus height, brush border enzyme activity).
  • Antibiotic treatment increased intestinal proteins involved in metabolism, actin filaments, iron homeostasis, and antioxidants.
  • Antibiotic treatment altered heat shock proteins, complement system proteins, and plasma proteins including decreased acute phase proteins and increased albumin, C3, ficolin, and transferrin.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced bacterial colonization from antibiotic treatment enhances mucosal integrity and decreases inflammatory responses in preterm neonates.
  • Plasma proteins C3, ficolin, and transferrin show potential as biomarkers for NEC progression influenced by bacterial colonization.