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Related Concept Videos

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.
Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures03:34

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
Measurement: Derived Units03:02

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
Accuracy and Precision01:52

Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.  Highly accurate measurements...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements
09:36

Continuous-Wave Propagation Channel-Sounding Measurement System - Testing, Verification, and Measurements

Published on: June 25, 2021

Unconditionally secure bit commitment by transmitting measurement outcomes.

Adrian Kent1

  • 1Centre for Quantum Information and Foundations, DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|October 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a novel, unconditionally secure bit commitment protocol using quantum information and Minkowski causality. This method ensures secure bit transmission, relying on fundamental quantum properties and the speed of light limit.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Published on: April 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Cryptography
  • Theoretical Physics

Background:

  • Bit commitment is a fundamental cryptographic primitive.
  • Existing schemes often rely on complex mathematical assumptions or are vulnerable to quantum attacks.
  • There is a need for unconditionally secure protocols resistant to quantum computation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new unconditionally secure bit commitment scheme.
  • To leverage Minkowski causality and quantum information properties for enhanced security.
  • To develop a protocol robust against superluminal signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing randomly chosen Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) qubits.
  • Committing a bit by performing measurements in specific BB84 bases.
  • Securely transmitting measurement outcomes at or near light speed.
  • Employing remote agents for bit unveiling.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of an unconditionally secure bit commitment protocol.
  • Security is based on fundamental quantum information properties.
  • Protocol security is guaranteed by the impossibility of superluminal signaling.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed scheme offers a novel approach to secure bit commitment.
  • It provides unconditional security rooted in physical principles rather than computational hardness.
  • This protocol represents a significant advancement in quantum cryptography.