Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Learning thresholds lead to stable language coexistence.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Nearest-neighbor directed random hyperbolic graphs.

Physical review. E·2023
Same author

Many-body contacts in fractal polymer chains and fractional Brownian trajectories.

Physical review. E·2019
Same author

Importance of extreme value statistics in biophysical contexts: Comment on "Redundancy principle and the role of extreme statistics in molecular and cellular biology".

Physics of life reviews·2019
Same author

Effective Hamiltonian of topologically stabilized polymer states.

Soft matter·2018
Same author

Fractal Folding and Medium Viscoelasticity Contribute Jointly to Chromosome Dynamics.

Physical review letters·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

New alphabet-dependent morphological transition in random RNA alignment.

O V Valba1, M V Tamm, S K Nechaev

  • 1Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russia.

Physical Review Letters
|October 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored RNA secondary structures, finding a transition point where structure formation changes based on nucleotide variety. More nucleotide types lead to imperfect, gapped RNA structures.

More Related Videos

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE
13:42

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Published on: May 31, 2013

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE
13:42

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Published on: May 31, 2013

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Computational biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • RNA molecules form complex secondary structures crucial for their function.
  • The interplay between sequence composition and structural properties is a key area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fraction of nucleotides involved in RNA secondary structure formation.
  • To analyze how this fraction changes with the number of nucleotide species.
  • To identify a morphological transition in RNA secondary structures.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of random heteropolymer RNA-like molecules.
  • Low-temperature limit calculations.
  • Mathematical modeling of secondary structure formation.
  • Numerical simulations to determine critical parameters.

Main Results:

  • A morphological transition in RNA secondary structures was identified as the number of nucleotide species (c) changes.
  • For c ≤ c(cr), a virtually perfect, gapless secondary structure forms (f→1) as chain length (n) increases.
  • For c > c(cr), an imperfect structure with gaps is formed (f<1).
  • Strict bounds for the critical number of species were proven: 2 ≤ c(cr) ≤ 4.

Conclusions:

  • The number of nucleotide species critically influences RNA secondary structure formation.
  • A transition from perfect to gapped structures occurs, with implications for RNA evolution.
  • The study provides insights into the fundamental principles governing RNA folding and complexity.