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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Revision rotator cuff repair.

¹Shoulder and Elbow Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Campus Box #8233, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. keenerj@wudosis.wustl.edu

Clinics in Sports Medicine

|October 9, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Revision rotator cuff repair is a complex procedure for patients with failed rotator cuff surgery. Careful evaluation and stronger repair techniques can improve outcomes, though functional limitations may persist.

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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Reconstruction

Background:

Failed rotator cuff repair presents significant management challenges in orthopedic surgery.
Revision arthroscopic repair is a viable option for select patients, necessitating a thorough understanding of realistic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the considerations and strategies for managing patients with failed rotator cuff repairs.
To discuss the challenges in determining the repairability of recurrent rotator cuff tears.
To highlight factors influencing the success of revision rotator cuff surgery.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive clinical evaluation of the shoulder to identify all pain generators.
Assessment of recurrent rotator cuff tear characteristics to determine surgical repairability.
Application of advanced surgical techniques and stronger repair constructs.

Main Results:

Revision arthroscopic repair can yield encouraging results in repairable recurrent tears.
Persistent functional limitations following revision surgery are common.
Identifying criteria for tear repairability remains a challenge.

Conclusions:

Careful patient selection and complete shoulder evaluation are crucial for successful revision rotator cuff repair.
Utilizing stronger repair constructs and a modified rehabilitation protocol may enhance tendon healing rates.
Managing expectations regarding functional recovery is essential for patients undergoing revision surgery.