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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Stem Cell Culture

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Published on: December 13, 2007

Embryonic stem (ES) cell culture basics.

¹University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Current Protocols in Toxicology

|October 10, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the culture and maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cells, including feeder layer preparation and gene targeting protocols for mouse generation. It covers essential techniques for genetic manipulation and ES cell-based mouse production.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

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Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

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Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: December 22, 2009

Area of Science:

* Stem cell biology and developmental biology.
* Molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Background:

* Embryonic stem (ES) cells are crucial for developmental studies and genetic manipulation in mice.
* Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) are commonly used as feeder layers for ES cell culture.
* Generating genetically modified mice requires precise ES cell manipulation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

* To provide a comprehensive protocol for the culture and maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells.
* To describe the methods for preparing feeder layers using growth-inactivated mouse embryo fibroblasts.
* To outline the procedures for generating genetically modified mice via gene targeting in ES cells.

Main Methods:

* Isolation and culture of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) for feeder layers.
* Culture and maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cells.
* Gene targeting techniques including electroporation, cloning, selection of homologous recombinants, and Cre-mediated recombination.
* Preparation of ES cells for injection into mouse embryos.

Main Results:

* Successful establishment and maintenance of ES cell cultures.
* Generation of feeder layers from MEF cells.
* Demonstration of gene targeting, homologous recombination, and Cre-mediated modifications in ES cells.
* Preparation of genetically modified ES cells for subsequent mouse generation.

Conclusions:

* Established protocols enable reliable growth and maintenance of ES cells.
* MEF feeder layers can be effectively prepared for ES cell culture.
* The described methods facilitate the generation of genetically engineered mice through ES cell manipulation.