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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Trachea01:22

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve
11:27

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Published on: March 18, 2013

Embryogenic cervico-thyro-piriform tract.

J Madana1, Deeke Yolmo, Sunil Kumar Saxena

  • 1Division of Head and Neck Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada. maddyy@gmail.com

Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
|October 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare third arch branchial cleft fistula in a 13-year-old girl was successfully treated with surgical excision. This congenital anomaly presented as a persistent mucoid discharge and recurrent neck swelling.

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Area of Science:

  • Congenital anomalies
  • Surgical case reports
  • Pediatric surgery

Background:

  • Branchial cleft fistulae are uncommon congenital anomalies resulting from persistent branchial remnants.
  • These anomalies typically manifest as lateral neck masses or abscesses, sometimes mimicking acute suppurative thyroiditis.
  • Complete third arch branchial cleft fistulae are exceptionally rare.

Observation:

  • A 13-year-old girl presented with a congenital left lower neck fistula exhibiting mucoid discharge since birth and recurrent swelling.
  • Computed tomography with contrast injection confirmed a continuous tract extending from the skin opening to the piriform sinus base.

Findings:

  • The patient underwent successful total excision of the fistula tract extending to the piriform sinus.
  • A left hemithyroidectomy was performed concurrently with the fistula excision.
  • Postoperative follow-up at 28 months showed no evidence of recurrence.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the rarity and successful surgical management of a complete third arch branchial cleft fistula.
  • Complete tract excision to the piriform sinus is crucial for preventing recurrence.
  • Surgical intervention can effectively resolve congenital branchial anomalies with long-term success.