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Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
14:19

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

Published on: March 25, 2022

Primary cilia and forebrain development.

Marc August Willaredt1, Evangelia Tasouri, Kerry L Tucker

  • 1Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Mechanisms of Development
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary cilia are essential organelles for mammalian development, particularly in the forebrain. These structures regulate Sonic hedgehog signaling and neural precursor cell cycle progression, impacting brain development.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
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Published on: March 25, 2022

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Published on: April 14, 2017

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
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Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Primary cilia are unique, single-copy organelles crucial for cellular function.
  • Historically overlooked, primary cilia are now recognized for their vital roles in mammalian development.
  • These cilia are particularly important for signaling pathways, including the Hedgehog family.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of primary cilia in mammalian forebrain development.
  • To highlight the involvement of primary cilia in Sonic hedgehog signaling.
  • To discuss the impact of primary cilia on neural precursor cell cycle progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on primary cilia in mammalian forebrain development.
  • Analysis of studies investigating Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways.
  • Examination of research on cilia's role in neural precursor proliferation.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are critical for transducing Sonic hedgehog signals during forebrain development.
  • Evidence indicates primary cilia regulate cell cycle progression in developing neural precursors.
  • These roles are essential for the proper formation of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and diencephalon.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia are indispensable organelles for mammalian forebrain development.
  • Their functions in signaling and cell cycle regulation are key to organogenesis.
  • Further research into primary cilia promises deeper insights into developmental processes.