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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers
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Complex magnetic order in Pr₂Pd₃Ge₅: a single crystal study.

V K Anand1, A Thamizhavel, S Ramakrishnan

  • 1Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai-400005, India. vivekkranand@gmail.com

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals complex magnetic behavior in Pr(2)Pd(3)Ge(5) single crystals, including multiple magnetic transitions and field-induced metamagnetic events. The research highlights significant magnetocrystalline anisotropy and an incommensurate magnetic structure with a super-zone gap.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding the magnetic and electronic properties of novel intermetallic compounds is crucial for materials science.
  • Praseodymium-based compounds are known for exhibiting complex magnetic phenomena due to the interplay of localized f-electrons and conduction electrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic and electronic transport properties of single crystal Pr(2)Pd(3)Ge(5).
  • To characterize the magnetic transitions, anisotropy, and field-induced phenomena in this compound.
  • To determine the magnetic phase diagram and understand the underlying magnetic structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single crystal growth using the Czochralski method.
  • Magnetic susceptibility (χ(T)) measurements as a function of temperature.
  • Isothermal magnetization (M(H)) measurements at various temperatures and magnetic field orientations.
  • Electrical resistivity (ρ(T)) measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field.

Main Results:

  • Complex magnetic behavior with multiple transitions observed, including sharp transitions at 6.9 K and 6.3 K along the c-axis, and anomalies at 8.0, 7.3, 6.2, and 4.9 K along a- and b-directions.
  • Significant magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis along the c-axis was confirmed by magnetic susceptibility and magnetization data.
  • Field-induced metamagnetic transitions were observed, with distinct step-like behavior and a spin-flop transition along different crystallographic directions.
  • An H-T phase diagram revealed the existence of multiple magnetic phases below the Néel temperature (T(N)).
  • Electrical resistivity data showed a sharp transition indicating long-range antiferromagnetic order and an upturn near T(N) suggesting a super-zone gap and incommensurate magnetic structure.
  • A gap in the magnon excitation spectrum of approximately 0.23 meV was determined in the ordered state.

Conclusions:

  • Single crystal Pr(2)Pd(3)Ge(5) exhibits complex antiferromagnetic ordering with significant magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
  • The compound displays field-induced metamagnetic transitions and an incommensurate magnetic structure, evidenced by a super-zone gap.
  • The observed properties provide insights into the interplay between electronic structure and magnetic interactions in this material.